percentages memisc 0.99.26.3

Easy Creation of Tables of Percentages¶

Description¶

The generic function percentages and its methods create one- or multidimensional tables of percentages. As such, the function percentages can be viewed as a convenience interface to prop.table. However, it also allows to obtain standard errors and confidence intervals.

Usage¶

percentages(obj, ...)
## S4 method for signature 'table'
percentages(obj,
      by=NULL, which=NULL, se=FALSE, ci=FALSE, ci.level=.95, ...)
## S4 method for signature 'formula'
percentages(obj,
      data=parent.frame(), weights=NULL, ...)
## S4 method for signature 'percentage.table'
as.data.frame(x, ...)
## S4 method for signature 'xpercentage.table'
as.data.frame(x, ...)

Arguments¶

obj: an object; a contingency table or a formula. If it is a formula, its left-hand side determines the factor or combination of factors for which percentages are computed while its right-hand side determines the factor or combination of factors that define the groups within which percentages are computed.
by: a character vector with the names of the factor variables that define the groups within which percentages are computed. Percentages sum to 100 within combination of levels of these factors.
which: a character vector with the names of the factor variables for which percentages are computed.
se: a logical value; determines whether standard errors are computed.
ci: a logical value; determines whether confidence intervals are computed. Note that the confidence intervals are for infinite (or very large) populations.
ci.level: a numerical value, the required confidence level of the confidence intervals.
data: a contingency table (an object that inherits from “table”) or a data frame or an object coercable into a data frame.
weights: an optional vector of weights. Should be NULL or a numeric vector.
x: an object coerced into a data frame.
...: Further arguments, ignored.

Value¶

An array that inherits classes “percentage.table” and “table”. If percentages was called with se=TRUE or ci=TRUE then the result additionally inherits class “xpercentage.table”.

Examples¶

# Two equivalent ways to create the same table
100*prop.table(UCBAdmissions)

, , Dept = A

          Gender
Admit            Male     Female
  Admitted 11.3124171  1.9664163
  Rejected  6.9155988  0.4197967

, , Dept = B

          Gender
Admit            Male     Female
  Admitted  7.7993814  0.3756076
  Rejected  4.5735749  0.1767565

, , Dept = C

          Gender
Admit            Male     Female
  Admitted  2.6513478  4.4631021
  Rejected  4.5293858  8.6389748

, , Dept = D

          Gender
Admit            Male     Female
  Admitted  3.0490499  2.8943880
  Rejected  6.1643836  5.3910738

, , Dept = E

          Gender
Admit            Male     Female
  Admitted  1.1710119  2.0768891
  Rejected  3.0490499  6.6062749

, , Dept = F

          Gender
Admit            Male     Female
  Admitted  0.4860804  0.5302696
  Rejected  7.7551922  7.0039770

percentages(UCBAdmissions)

, , Dept = A

          Gender
Admit            Male     Female
  Admitted 11.3124171  1.9664163
  Rejected  6.9155988  0.4197967

, , Dept = B

          Gender
Admit            Male     Female
  Admitted  7.7993814  0.3756076
  Rejected  4.5735749  0.1767565

, , Dept = C

          Gender
Admit            Male     Female
  Admitted  2.6513478  4.4631021
  Rejected  4.5293858  8.6389748

, , Dept = D

          Gender
Admit            Male     Female
  Admitted  3.0490499  2.8943880
  Rejected  6.1643836  5.3910738

, , Dept = E

          Gender
Admit            Male     Female
  Admitted  1.1710119  2.0768891
  Rejected  3.0490499  6.6062749

, , Dept = F

          Gender
Admit            Male     Female
  Admitted  0.4860804  0.5302696
  Rejected  7.7551922  7.0039770

# Three equivalent ways to create the same table
100*prop.table(UCBAdmissions,c(2,3))

, , Dept = A

          Gender
Admit           Male    Female
  Admitted 62.060606 82.407407
  Rejected 37.939394 17.592593

, , Dept = B

          Gender
Admit           Male    Female
  Admitted 63.035714 68.000000
  Rejected 36.964286 32.000000

, , Dept = C

          Gender
Admit           Male    Female
  Admitted 36.923077 34.064081
  Rejected 63.076923 65.935919

, , Dept = D

          Gender
Admit           Male    Female
  Admitted 33.093525 34.933333
  Rejected 66.906475 65.066667

, , Dept = E

          Gender
Admit           Male    Female
  Admitted 27.748691 23.918575
  Rejected 72.251309 76.081425

, , Dept = F

          Gender
Admit           Male    Female
  Admitted  5.898123  7.038123
  Rejected 94.101877 92.961877

(p0 <- percentages(UCBAdmissions,by=c("Gender","Dept")))

, , Dept = A

          Gender
Admit           Male    Female
  Admitted 62.060606 82.407407
  Rejected 37.939394 17.592593

, , Dept = B

          Gender
Admit           Male    Female
  Admitted 63.035714 68.000000
  Rejected 36.964286 32.000000

, , Dept = C

          Gender
Admit           Male    Female
  Admitted 36.923077 34.064081
  Rejected 63.076923 65.935919

, , Dept = D

          Gender
Admit           Male    Female
  Admitted 33.093525 34.933333
  Rejected 66.906475 65.066667

, , Dept = E

          Gender
Admit           Male    Female
  Admitted 27.748691 23.918575
  Rejected 72.251309 76.081425

, , Dept = F

          Gender
Admit           Male    Female
  Admitted  5.898123  7.038123
  Rejected 94.101877 92.961877

percentages(UCBAdmissions,which="Admit")

, , Dept = A

          Gender
Admit           Male    Female
  Admitted 62.060606 82.407407
  Rejected 37.939394 17.592593

, , Dept = B

          Gender
Admit           Male    Female
  Admitted 63.035714 68.000000
  Rejected 36.964286 32.000000

, , Dept = C

          Gender
Admit           Male    Female
  Admitted 36.923077 34.064081
  Rejected 63.076923 65.935919

, , Dept = D

          Gender
Admit           Male    Female
  Admitted 33.093525 34.933333
  Rejected 66.906475 65.066667

, , Dept = E

          Gender
Admit           Male    Female
  Admitted 27.748691 23.918575
  Rejected 72.251309 76.081425

, , Dept = F

          Gender
Admit           Male    Female
  Admitted  5.898123  7.038123
  Rejected 94.101877 92.961877

# Percentage table as data frame
as.data.frame(p0)

      Admit Gender Dept Percentage
Admitted   Male    A  62.060606
Rejected   Male    A  37.939394
Admitted Female    A  82.407407
Rejected Female    A  17.592593
Admitted   Male    B  63.035714
Rejected   Male    B  36.964286
Admitted Female    B  68.000000
Rejected Female    B  32.000000
Admitted   Male    C  36.923077
Rejected   Male    C  63.076923
Admitted Female    C  34.064081
Rejected Female    C  65.935919
Admitted   Male    D  33.093525
Rejected   Male    D  66.906475
Admitted Female    D  34.933333
Rejected Female    D  65.066667
Admitted   Male    E  27.748691
Rejected   Male    E  72.251309
Admitted Female    E  23.918575
Rejected Female    E  76.081425
Admitted   Male    F   5.898123
Rejected   Male    F  94.101877
Admitted Female    F   7.038123
Rejected Female    F  92.961877

# Three equivalent ways to create the same table
100*prop.table(margin.table(UCBAdmissions,c(1,2)),2)

          Gender
Admit          Male   Female
  Admitted 44.51877 30.35422
  Rejected 55.48123 69.64578

percentages(UCBAdmissions,which="Admit",by="Gender")

          Gender
Admit          Male   Female
  Admitted 44.51877 30.35422
  Rejected 55.48123 69.64578

percentages(Admit~Gender,data=UCBAdmissions)

          Gender
Admit          Male   Female
  Admitted 44.51877 30.35422
  Rejected 55.48123 69.64578

# Three equivalent ways to create the same table
100*prop.table(margin.table(UCBAdmissions,c(1,3)),2)

          Dept
Admit              A         B         C         D         E         F
  Admitted 64.415863 63.247863 35.076253 33.964646 25.171233  6.442577
  Rejected 35.584137 36.752137 64.923747 66.035354 74.828767 93.557423

percentages(Admit~Dept,data=UCBAdmissions)

          Dept
Admit              A         B         C         D         E         F
  Admitted 64.415863 63.247863 35.076253 33.964646 25.171233  6.442577
  Rejected 35.584137 36.752137 64.923747 66.035354 74.828767 93.557423

percentages(Admit~Dept,data=as.data.frame(UCBAdmissions),
           weights=Freq)

          Dept
Admit              A         B         C         D         E         F
  Admitted 64.415863 63.247863 35.076253 33.964646 25.171233  6.442577
  Rejected 35.584137 36.752137 64.923747 66.035354 74.828767 93.557423

# Standard errors and confidence intervals
percentages(Admit~Dept,data=UCBAdmissions,se=TRUE)

, , Result = Percentage

          Dept
Admit               A          B          C          D          E          F
  Admitted 64.4158628 63.2478632 35.0762527 33.9646465 25.1712329  6.4425770
  Rejected 35.5841372 36.7521368 64.9237473 66.0353535 74.8287671 93.5574230

, , Result = SE

          Dept
Admit               A          B          C          D          E          F
  Admitted  1.5674143  1.9933625  1.5750235  1.6828260  1.7958916  0.9187976
  Rejected  1.5674143  1.9933625  1.5750235  1.6828260  1.7958916  0.9187976

percentages(Admit~Dept,data=UCBAdmissions,ci=TRUE)

, , Result = Percentage

          Dept
Admit              A         B         C         D         E         F
  Admitted 64.415863 63.247863 35.076253 33.964646 25.171233  6.442577
  Rejected 35.584137 36.752137 64.923747 66.035354 74.828767 93.557423

, , Result = Lower bound

          Dept
Admit              A         B         C         D         E         F
  Admitted 61.248477 59.196386 31.986890 30.668157 21.698820  4.755024
  Rejected 32.508100 32.835173 61.738250 62.618938 71.103049 91.499717

, , Result = Upper bound

          Dept
Admit              A         B         C         D         E         F
  Admitted 67.491900 67.164827 38.261750 37.381062 28.896951  8.500283
  Rejected 38.751523 40.803614 68.013110 69.331843 78.301180 95.244976

(p<- percentages(Admit~Dept,data=UCBAdmissions,ci=TRUE,se=TRUE))

, , Result = Percentage

          Dept
Admit               A          B          C          D          E          F
  Admitted 64.4158628 63.2478632 35.0762527 33.9646465 25.1712329  6.4425770
  Rejected 35.5841372 36.7521368 64.9237473 66.0353535 74.8287671 93.5574230

, , Result = SE

          Dept
Admit               A          B          C          D          E          F
  Admitted  1.5674143  1.9933625  1.5750235  1.6828260  1.7958916  0.9187976
  Rejected  1.5674143  1.9933625  1.5750235  1.6828260  1.7958916  0.9187976

, , Result = Lower bound

          Dept
Admit               A          B          C          D          E          F
  Admitted 61.2484768 59.1963862 31.9868896 30.6681566 21.6988202  4.7550241
  Rejected 32.5081003 32.8351731 61.7382497 62.6189380 71.1030491 91.4997166

, , Result = Upper bound

          Dept
Admit               A          B          C          D          E          F
  Admitted 67.4918997 67.1648269 38.2617503 37.3810620 28.8969509  8.5002834
  Rejected 38.7515232 40.8036138 68.0131104 69.3318434 78.3011798 95.2449759

# An extended table of percentages as data frame
as.data.frame(p)

      Admit Dept Percentage        SE Lower bound Upper bound
Admitted    A  64.415863 1.5674143   61.248477   67.491900
Admitted    B  63.247863 1.9933625   59.196386   67.164827
Admitted    C  35.076253 1.5750235   31.986890   38.261750
Admitted    D  33.964646 1.6828260   30.668157   37.381062
Admitted    E  25.171233 1.7958916   21.698820   28.896951
Admitted    F   6.442577 0.9187976    4.755024    8.500283
Rejected    A  35.584137 1.5674143   32.508100   38.751523
Rejected    B  36.752137 1.9933625   32.835173   40.803614
Rejected    C  64.923747 1.5750235   61.738250   68.013110
Rejected    D  66.035354 1.6828260   62.618938   69.331843
Rejected    E  74.828767 1.7958916   71.103049   78.301180
Rejected    F  93.557423 0.9187976   91.499717   95.244976